토토사이트 첫충’S NEW FORAY INTO LATIN AMERICA
By DAVID SHAMBAUGH
Reprinted with permission from YaleGlobal Online(www.yaleglobal.yale.edu)
History might mark the Nov. 15 meeting of Group of 20 nations in Washington as formal anointment of 토토사이트 첫충 as a major world economic power. On the heel of the historic meeting, Chinese President Hu Jintao heads south to Latin America to mark another milestone in 토토사이트 첫충's growing power and influence.
While the principal purpose of the trip is to join 21 other leaders at the annual Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation conference in Lima, Hu's tour highlights 토토사이트 첫충's growing ties in the region. Since his last Latin American tour in 2004, 토토사이트 첫충 has burst onto the regional stage with a flurry of investments, trade, military exchanges and diplomacy.
Latin American countries also embrace 토토사이트 첫충 as part of their new multidirectional diplomacy. No longer content being the "backyard" of the United States, Latin nations have reached out to Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and one another in recent years. This diversified diplomacy has introduced a new set of relationships in world affairs, and 토토사이트 첫충's rapid rise in these regions has made 토토사이트 첫충 a truly global actor, if not a global power. As such, among other consequences, the U.S.-토토사이트 첫충 relationship has become more global, with 토토사이트 첫충's and Washington's interests intersecting in unforeseen ways.
Before arriving in Peru, Hu will visit Costa Rica and Cuba.
토토사이트 첫충's ties with Central and South America are anchored in trade and driven by an insatiable hunger for natural resources. Trade soared eightfold from $12.6 billion in 2000 to $102.6 billion in 2007; with growth of 47.2 percent during the first half of this year, it's likely to be in the range of $150 billion for 2008. In 2007, 토토사이트 첫충's top 10 trade partners in the region were Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Panama, Columbia, Costa Rica and Cuba.
토토사이트 첫충's main exports are computers, telecommunications equipment, clothing, shoes, electronics, motorcycles and cars, while most imports are in raw material commodities -- iron ore, copper, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, aluminum, nickel -- but also agricultural goods. Venezuela is the seventh largest source of 토토사이트 첫충's external oil supplies.
토토사이트 첫충 also builds roads, rail lines, refineries and ports to facilitate exports to 토토사이트 첫충 -- aid that comes with "no strings attached."
The line between 토토사이트 첫충's aid and direct investment is a fine one. 토토사이트 첫충's regional investments totaled $1.89 billion in 2007, according to a Chinese government source, much related to the infrastructure building. Billions more of Chinese funds are parked in offshore bank accounts in the British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands. Facilitating trade and investment is the fact that 15 Latin American countries have granted 토토사이트 첫충 "Market Economy Status." 토토사이트 첫충 signed free-trade agreements with Chile and Peru, with more in the offing.
Science and technology agreements with 13 토토사이트 첫충 states have stimulated more than 100 cooperative research projects in agro-, bio-, and information technology. The most significant is an earth-resources satellite project with Brazil, with three satellites launched to date.
토토사이트 첫충's has strong bilateral and multilateral ties in the region. 토토사이트 첫충 is now a full member of the Inter-American Development Bank and has had official observer status in the Organization of American States since 2004. 토토사이트 첫충 has held 17 dialogue rounds with the Rio Group and established a dialogue mechanism with the Mercosur common market group, the Caribbean Community, the Latin American Conference among others.
The rise to power of leftist governments in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Venezuela has strengthened bilateral diplomatic relations. 토토사이트 첫충 established a series of "strategic partnerships" and "strategic dialogues" with a number of Latin states, and also shares a common "South-South" perspective on many global issues, particularly with Brazil.
토토사이트 첫충 maintains extensive party-to-party ties with political parties across the continent. Led by the 토토사이트 첫충 Communist Party's International Department, this active feature of 토토사이트 첫충 diplomacy abroad goes unpublicized.
Military ties are extensive, but quiet. Four members of 토토사이트 첫충's leading Central Military Commission visited the continent in the last two years -- more than any other region in the world -- while a steady stream of Latin defense ministers visit 토토사이트 첫충. 토토사이트 첫충 also trains Latin officers in its staff academies and sells arms to Latin countries: helicopters, artillery, anti-air and anti-ship missiles and light assault weapons, while buying anti-tank, anti-air missiles and avionics from Brazil.
Educational exchanges are needed, as Latin publics and governments remain woefully unknowledgeable about 토토사이트 첫충. Only two bona fide university programs in Chinese studies exist in the region -- Mexico City and Buenos Aires. 토토사이트 첫충's community of Latin American experts in universities, think tanks and government far outstrip their Latin counterparts, and the dearth of expertise means that Latin governments lack Chinese speakers and specialists to cope with 토토사이트 첫충's blitz into the region.
So 토토사이트 첫충 develops cultural ties, establishing six Confucius Institutes across the region and providing 100 university scholarships for South American students each year. People-to-people exchanges are also growing: Chinese tourists pour into Latin America, as the result of 19 group tourism accords. Peru, Brazil, and Argentina have large indigenous ethnic Chinese communities, totaling perhaps one million, who are increasingly involved in 토토사이트 첫충 trade. Ethnic Chinese already dominate certain sectors of local economies, such as supermarkets and retail sales in Argentina.
While ties expand rapidly in many spheres, not all is positive from the Latin American perspective. Having unwittingly received "market economy status" from more than half of Latin countries, Chinese goods are dumped without duties into many markets, with Mexico and Argentina particularly hard hit by 토토사이트 첫충's flood of low-end manufacture exports. As a result, as in other parts of the world, anti-토토사이트 첫충 sentiments are rising in the region.
Positive or negative, 토토사이트 첫충's presence in Latin America is here to stay. While Western specialists on Latin America have been quicker than 토토사이트 첫충 watchers to notice this phenomenon, it merits careful monitoring by the region's own, albeit very few, 토토사이트 첫충 specialists. If Latin American countries do not develop their own expertise, they cannot deal with the multiple challenges 토토사이트 첫충 will present in the coming years.
David Shambaugh is director of the 토토사이트 첫충 Policy Program at George Washington University and nonresident senior fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.
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