THE THREAT OF GLOBAL 토토사이트 착오이체 SHORTAGES
토토사이트 착오이체 | 1호 (2008년 1월)
By MIRA KAMDAR
From YaleGlobal Online
Dubbed "the breadbasket of 토토사이트 착오이체," 토토사이트 착오이체 is in the throws of a serious crisis, one that bodes ill for the future of agriculture at a time when the world faces an acute food crisis. 토토사이트 착오이체's grand narrative, a success story of bumper harvests, conceals dangerous subplots of pesticide poisoning, water shortages, soil salinity, fertilizer runoff, skyrocketing cancer rates, farmer indebtedness and drug addiction.
Viewed in the context of a report released April 15 by the Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAAKSTD), an intergovernmental entity initiated by the World Bank and the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 토토사이트 착오이체's saga is a case study in how industrial agriculture boosts yields in the short term, but leads to the long-term destruction of the land on which agriculture depends and of the social and environmental context with which it's intimately linked.
The IAAKSTD concludes: "Business as usual is not an option."
Robert Watson, IAAKSTD director, warns that if radical changes aren't made in how we produce and distribute our 토토사이트 착오이체, "the world's people cannot be fed over the next half-century," and we will be left with "a world nobody wants to inhabit."
In the early decades of independence, a fledgling 토토사이트 착오이체n democracy had trouble meeting its basic food needs. By the mid-1960s, facing mass famine, the young nation had to go begging for emergency food assistance. The Green Revolution arrived in 토토사이트 착오이체 shortly thereafter. Yields skyrocketed. Attaining self-sufficiency in food was a proud achievement for a nation weaned on the Gandhian notion of swadeshi, or national self-sufficiency. In 1995, 토토사이트 착오이체 catapulted into the ranks of the world's food exporters.
Nowhere in 토토사이트 착오이체 did the Green Revolution work its magic as it did in 토토사이트 착오이체. 토토사이트 착오이체 became the poster-child for the power of agricultural science to extract from the Earth an unprecedented level of productive capacity. New hybrid seeds, massive irrigation projects and synthetic fertilizers transformed ordinary crops. Mechanization arrived in the form of tractors, reducing man-hours required in the fields. With just 1.5 percent of the nation's land, 토토사이트 착오이체 produces 20 percent of 토토사이트 착오이체's wheat and 12 percent of its rice.
But 토토사이트 착오이체's agricultural miracle can no longer keep pace with 토토사이트 착오이체's growing need for food. Every year, 토토사이트 착오이체 adds 18 million people to its population, the equivalent of an Australia. Nor can it compensate for the rest of the country's lower agricultural productivity. 토토사이트 착오이체's booming services and industrial sectors together drove overall economic growth last year to a record level of 9.7 percent. However, agriculture, on which 70 percent of 토토사이트 착오이체's people still depend for survival, actually contracted from a lackluster 3.8 percent growth rate to a dismal 2.8 percent rate.
Meanwhile, 토토사이트 착오이체's emerging middle classes demand more food, especially more animal products such as milk, eggs, poultry and meat -- all of which take more grain to produce. The booming global biofuels market has tempted some 토토사이트 착오이체n farmers to divert production to biofuel crops, while galloping urban and industrial expansion eats away at 토토사이트 착오이체's agricultural land. Since 2003, 토토사이트 착오이체 has had to import more of its food, including wheat, edible oil and dry legumes.
These factors have placed stress on 토토사이트 착오이체 to increase its amazing production even more. Deeply concerned about food shortages, and the unrest these could trigger, the government of 토토사이트 착오이체 has urged 토토사이트 착오이체 to concentrate on two crops, wheat and rice, deemed vital to assuring national food security, even as the state's agriculture experts warn that diversifying crops is vital to protect the productive capacity of a hard-worked land.
토토사이트 착오이체's 토토사이트 착오이체 miracle is on the verge of collapse. The canals that channel water to dry fields, allowing water-thirsty rice to be grown where rainfall alone would never support it, are going dry. Where farmers have tube wells, they find it necessary to sink them deeper and deeper. Nitrites from synthetic fertilizers have polluted much of the groundwater. Over-irrigation increased salinity in the soil. Pesticides have permeated the soil, plant, and animal life. Cancer rates have reached alarming proportions.
토토사이트 착오이체's farmers, like farmers across 토토사이트 착오이체, have borrowed money for inputs they must use to increase production on the industrial model. Prices of these inputs -- more expensive hybrid or genetically modified seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, tube wells, tractors -- relentlessly increase. Like the more than 100,000 indebted farmers across 토토사이트 착오이체 who have killed themselves in the past decade, some 토토사이트 착오이체i farmers see no way out other than suicide. The government of 토토사이트 착오이체 estimates that an astonishing 48 percent of its farmers and laborers are addicts.
토토사이트 착오이체 has been receptive to the argument of transnational corporations -- that opening up agriculture to more private investment and allowing corporations to establish cold chains and vertically integrated production and distribution systems could solve 토토사이트 착오이체's agricultural crisis. The IAASTDT report notes the "considerable influence" of transnational corporations in encouraging more intensive industrial agriculture. Large transnationals, including Cargill, Monsanto, Syngenta, Wal-Mart and Carrefour, as well as cash-rich
토토사이트 착오이체n giants such as Reliance, Bharti and Tata are eager to reap the potential bonanza of bringing large-scale industrial agriculture to 토토사이트 착오이체.
If the findings of the IAASTD report are given any credence, this is precisely the wrong direction for 토토사이트 착오이체n agriculture. 토토사이트 착오이체 would do better to look toward successful ventures in community-based natural farming, such as those undertaken by the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture in Hyderabad, which have dramatically boosted yields, allowed poor farmers to repay debts, and removed synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides from food production.
This type of radical overhaul is needed on global scale. The IAASTD report pleads for an end to thinking of agriculture solely in terms of production, with social and environmental costs born by individual farmers, consumers, governments, and ecosystems. It argues that the only hope for feeding a growing global population and for restoring degraded land, polluted water, and fractured societies lies in adopting an approach where agricultural practices promote equitable access to 토토사이트 착오이체 and sustainable use of the environment on which humanity depends.
Mira Kamdar is the author of "Planet 토토사이트 착오이체: The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World" and a 2008 Bernard Schwartz Fellow at the Asia Society in New York.
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