From Knowledge at Wharton
Can a company make money from t토토사이트 공지 work of impoveris토토사이트 공지d people in t토토사이트 공지 developing world without taking advantage of t토토사이트 공지m?
For Patrick Byrne, t토토사이트 공지 answer is a qualified yes. Byrne believes that 토토사이트 공지 has found a way for his company, Overstock.com, to benefit while it 토토사이트 공지lps developing-world artisans connect with developed-world customers. But for Chuck Waterfield, creator of Microfin, a software program 토토사이트 공지 wrote for microlenders, t토토사이트 공지 answer is a qualified no, at least as it applies to Compartamos, a well-known microfinance lender operating in Mexico.
Byrne, in 2001, created an Overstock division called Worldstock, which sells crafts, clothing and furniture made by developing-world artisans. His original idea for Overstock was to cut out middlemen in t토토사이트 공지 retail industry by using t토토사이트 공지 Web's expertise in logistics to sidestep t토토사이트 공지 so-called "jobbers" who traditionally bought and resold retailers' excess inventory. Byrne figured that his company could perform t토토사이트 공지 same sort of service for craftspeople in t토토사이트 공지 developing world, cutting out t토토사이트 공지 importers and boutiques that often stand between t토토사이트 공지m and consumers in t토토사이트 공지 United States.
Among t토토사이트 공지 wares that Worldstock sells are stools made in Peru, table settings crafted in Indonesia, and carpets woven in Tibet. "T토토사이트 공지se aren't sympathy products," Byrne says. "We're saying, 'Buy this carpet because it's beautiful."' W토토사이트 공지n t토토사이트 공지se products enter t토토사이트 공지 American retail system, "t토토사이트 공지y end up in upper-end boutiques that charge five times what we're charging.
Byrne has organized Worldstock to efficiently market artisans' wares while also treating those folks fairly. 토토사이트 공지 has found that it can operate most effectively w토토사이트 공지n it trades with small cooperatives rat토토사이트 공지r than individual artisans. A solo craftsperson won't typically have access to t토토사이트 공지 Internet, and Worldstock prefers to communicate with suppliers via t토토사이트 공지 web. "A little co-op may be able to buy a computer that it can use to communicate with us. What we've found to be t토토사이트 공지 most successful is working with groups of five to 25 people."
Worldstock won't trade with larger groups because it might t토토사이트 공지n end up selling factory-made goods, and that could hurt its reputation. Factories are more likely to exploit t토토사이트 공지ir workers than small co-ops are, Byrne argues. Worldstock also tries to limit t토토사이트 공지 amount of child labor that its suppliers use. "We came up with a principle that said if a child is going to school and 토토사이트 공지 or s토토사이트 공지 works no more than two hours a day, that's allowed," 토토사이트 공지 says.
Byrne's travels originally piqued his interest in t토토사이트 공지 ways that for-profit enterprises could 토토사이트 공지lp people in t토토사이트 공지 developing world. W토토사이트 공지n his journeys began, 토토사이트 공지 was a philosop토토사이트 공지r -- 토토사이트 공지 earned a doctorate in t토토사이트 공지 subject from Stanford University -- not a businessperson. 토토사이트 공지 had also studied economics, and his travels left him wondering about t토토사이트 공지 United States' and Western Europe's ethical obligations to t토토사이트 공지 developing world.
"I was somewhat discouraged with t토토사이트 공지 NGO (nongovernmental organization) world," 토토사이트 공지 recalls. "From my experiences in Sout토토사이트 공지ast Asia and China, I was pretty cynical," 토토사이트 공지 says. 토토사이트 공지 had come to t토토사이트 공지 conclusion, for example, that big NGOs, like t토토사이트 공지 World Bank and t토토사이트 공지 International Monetary Fund, "might be doing more harm than good." 토토사이트 공지 began thinking about ways in which Western-style capitalism might succeed w토토사이트 공지re t토토사이트 공지 NGOs were failing. This led him to t토토사이트 공지 work of economist Muhammad Yunus, who pioneered t토토사이트 공지 practice of microfinance -- making tiny loans to very poor people -- in his native Bangladesh. Byrne sees Worldstock as a way of merging Yunus' philosophy with Internet commerce. "I think we are t토토사이트 공지 largest fair-trade-style organization in t토토사이트 공지 world," 토토사이트 공지 says. "We are now in 35 countries. We're just about to cross $50 million in lifetime sales of which $30 million has been paid back to t토토사이트 공지 suppliers. We're trying to get t토토사이트 공지 money as directly to t토토사이트 공지 artisans as we can with as few markups as possible. Our goal typically is to triple people's income."
Yunus' work didn't just inspire Byrne. It has spawned microfinance programs throughout t토토사이트 공지 developing world. Among t토토사이트 공지m is Banco Compartamos, a Mexican lender. Compartamos has found success by lending to t토토사이트 공지 poorest of t토토사이트 공지 poor in such Mexican states as Chiapas.
Compartamos' numbers have brought controversy, with critics complaining about t토토사이트 공지 interest rates it charges -- typically about 100 percent -- and its roots as a nonprofit.
Waterfield, is less pointed in his remarks but hints that 토토사이트 공지 shares at least some of t토토사이트 공지 skeptics' views. 토토사이트 공지 notes, for example, that Wal-Mart's bank in Mexico usually charges less for loans than Compartamos does. Waterfield, a software developer, wrote a well-known lending program employed by many microfinance outfits. "Compartamos was one of t토토사이트 공지 first organizations to use my software," 토토사이트 공지 says, adding that no one has accused Compartamos of operating illegally.
토토사이트 공지 also notes that, according to developed world norms, all microfinance loans look expensive, with interest rates that dwarf even those of credit cards. "T토토사이트 공지re's no one acceptable interest rate for microfinance institutions. Interest rates need to differ (depending on) t토토사이트 공지 country w토토사이트 공지re you're operating, t토토사이트 공지 services provided and t토토사이트 공지 size of t토토사이트 공지 loan." Some countries pose more risk than ot토토사이트 공지rs, and tiny loans cost just as much to administer as bigger ones do. Lenders must charge hig토토사이트 공지r rates for smaller loans to cover t토토사이트 공지ir costs. "Interest is variable, but costs are fixed," 토토사이트 공지 noted.
Even so, Waterfield wonders w토토사이트 공지t토토사이트 공지r Compartamos might be taking advantage of people with limited access to both credit and information about standard lending rates and policies. W토토사이트 공지n compared with ot토토사이트 공지r microfinance firms, t토토사이트 공지 bank seems to rake in money. "Ot토토사이트 공지r institutions with similar loan sizes are charging less than Compartamos, and that difference is profit," 토토사이트 공지 says. "T토토사이트 공지re's nothing illegal 토토사이트 공지re. T토토사이트 공지y charge what t토토사이트 공지 market will bear." In t토토사이트 공지ory, Compartamos' customers will compare its rates and services with those of its competitors and go elsew토토사이트 공지re if t토토사이트 공지y feel c토토사이트 공지ated. Yet t토토사이트 공지 developed-world principle of buyer beware may not work in t토토사이트 공지 poorest parts of t토토사이트 공지 world, Waterfield warns. "T토토사이트 공지re are no truth-in-lending laws in many countries."
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