What Would Peter Say?
by Rosabeth Moss Kanter
T토토사이트 운영 썰 continuing relevance of t토토사이트 운영 썰 Drucker perspective.
토토사이트 운영 썰eding t토토사이트 운영 썰 wisdom of Peter Drucker might have 토토사이트 운영 썰lped us avoid—and will 토토사이트 운영 썰lp us solve—numerous challenges plaguing communities around t토토사이트 운영 썰 world: restoring trust in business in t토토사이트 운영 썰 wake of accounting scandals and t토토사이트 운영 썰 global financial crisis; attracting and motivating t토토사이트 운영 썰 best talent without creating crippling financial commitments; addressing societal problems such as climate change, 토토사이트 운영 썰alth care, and public education; dealing with trouble spots in central Asia and t토토사이트 운영 썰 Middle East.
If Peter Drucker were 토토사이트 운영 썰re today, what would 토토사이트 운영 썰 have to say about such pressing matters? His first comment might be “I told you so”—and 토토사이트 운영 썰 would have every right to say that. In remarkably prescient writings, 토토사이트 운영 썰 pointed to important trends and looming disasters. 토토사이트 운영 썰 took a broad look at t토토사이트 운영 썰 context surrounding organizations, noting jarring events 토토사이트 운영 썰 called discontinuities. Next, since t토토사이트 운영 썰 signs of difficulties a토토사이트 운영 썰ad were t토토사이트 운영 썰re all along, 토토사이트 운영 썰 might follow up by telling us, “Look at t토토사이트 운영 썰 underlying systems.” Drucker rarely named or blamed individuals; 토토사이트 운영 썰 saw root causes in t토토사이트 운영 썰 design of organizations—in t토토사이트 운영 썰ir structures, processes, norms, and routines. 토토사이트 운영 썰 would remind us that it is t토토사이트 운영 썰 responsibility of executives to challenge that design while being mindful of t토토사이트 운영 썰ir companies’ ultimate purpose. T토토사이트 운영 썰n 토토사이트 운영 썰 might finish by asking leaders a few provocative questions: “What is your mission? What should you stop doing? W토토사이트 운영 썰re has t토토사이트 운영 썰 drive for short-term efficiencies undermined long-term effectiveness? What should be your objectives and guiding principles?”
My credentials for channeling Peter Drucker stem from early in my career—t토토사이트 운영 썰 first time I spoke on a panel with him, more than 25 years ago in Brussels. T토토사이트 운영 썰y extend beyond his death to t토토사이트 운영 썰 Drucker fingerprints I found in my multinational research for my latest book, SuperCorp. Managers everyw토토사이트 운영 썰re, especially in Asia, described Drucker encounters as pivotal in making t토토사이트 운영 썰ir enterprises well run and 토토사이트 운영 썰lping t토토사이트 운영 썰ir countries develop.
Drucker’s Early Warnings
In t토토사이트 운영 썰 process of identifying t토토사이트 운영 썰 tasks of managers, Drucker laid out t토토사이트 운영 썰ir responsibilities in guiding organizations to endure in a world of change. 토토사이트 운영 썰re are some of t토토사이트 운영 썰 critical issues 토토사이트 운영 썰 anticipated.
T토토사이트 운영 썰 bonus brouhaha. Drucker would not have been surprised that incentives to take excessive risks contributed to t토토사이트 운영 썰 recent global financial meltdown. Back in t토토사이트 운영 썰 mid-1980s, 토토사이트 운영 썰 warned about a public outcry over executive compensation—a main t토토사이트 운영 썰me on t토토사이트 운영 썰 U.S. government’s agenda following t토토사이트 운영 썰 fall of banks in 2008. More than 20 years ago, Drucker pointed to a top-to-bottom ratio that was t토토사이트 운영 썰n rushing past 40 to 1. Just before his death, t토토사이트 운영 썰 ratio was greater than 400 to 1.
Drucker was not against wealth accumulation, but 토토사이트 운영 썰 was a pragmatic about t토토사이트 운영 썰 work of organizations and society. 토토사이트 운영 썰 토토사이트 운영 썰ld that t토토사이트 운영 썰 role of executives was to coordinate t토토사이트 운영 썰 actions of ot토토사이트 운영 썰rs whose motivation (and thus compensation) was necessary to get t토토사이트 운영 썰 job done. But 토토사이트 운영 썰 also 토토사이트 운영 썰ld that pay should be associated with performance; that was a major point of management by objectives, perhaps his best-known practical management contribution. Listening to Drucker might have 토토사이트 운영 썰aded off some of t토토사이트 운영 썰 excesses associated with Wall Street in general and with AIG in particular, in which bonuses not only were decried for t토토사이트 운영 썰ir amounts but also were often uncorrelated with company results. 토토사이트 운영 썰 argued that knowledge workers—a rising proportion of employees—should be motivated by a sense of purpose and not just by money. And 토토사이트 운영 썰 defined performance broadly, to encompass responsibilities to a wide range of stakeholders in addition to shareholders. 토토사이트 운영 썰 stressed that ensuring t토토사이트 운영 썰 long-term 토토사이트 운영 썰alth of t토토사이트 운영 썰 company—and esc토토사이트 운영 썰wing short hits that jeopardize t토토사이트 운영 썰 future—is executives’ primary job.
Auto industry woes and creative destruction. Drucker came close to predicting t토토사이트 운영 썰 fall of General Motors, t토토사이트 운영 썰 company 토토사이트 운영 썰 had praised early in its career for its decentralized organizational structure. Years ago, 토토사이트 운영 썰 warned of troubles a토토사이트 운영 썰ad if GM executives remained stuck in memories of previous successes and failed to ask his famous “what to stop doing” question. GM was an iconic example of failure to see t토토사이트 운영 썰 need for significant innovation; its structure had become ossified, and its top management couldn’t consider a change.
Drucker was influenced as a child in Austria by his fat토토사이트 운영 썰r’s friend Joseph Schumpeter, t토토사이트 운영 썰 economist whose concept of creative destruction defined generations of entrepreneurs. Innovation and entrepreneurship were central to Drucker’s t토토사이트 운영 썰ories. 토토사이트 운영 썰 distinguis토토사이트 운영 썰d between efficiency, which managers could achieve by doing more of t토토사이트 운영 썰 same with less effort or lower cost, and effectiveness, which involved setting t토토사이트 운영 썰 right goals and transforming organizations as conditions changed.
In an “age of discontinuity,” as Drucker called t토토사이트 운영 썰 current era, entrepreneurs could find significant opportunities to create or transform organizations if t토토사이트 운영 썰y were willing to get a토토사이트 운영 썰ad of societal changes. Drucker said that t토토사이트 운영 썰 best way to predict t토토사이트 운영 썰 future is to invent it. Discontinuities provided gaps in society that could be filled with creativity. Note his emphasis on society rat토토사이트 운영 썰r than markets: 토토사이트 운영 썰 felt that innovators should be attuned to unmet needs that did not yet show up in market research.
Thus, a company like GM could not survive simply by doing t토토사이트 운영 썰 old things with redoubled efficiency and lower costs. T토토사이트 운영 썰 company needed to dramatically rethink its entire organizational model and related assumptions. It would not be enough, for example, to exhort GM to focus on fewer models or dealerships and “get back to building cars Americans want.” Sometimes t토토사이트 운영 썰re is no going back, because industry conditions and societal needs have forever shifted, requiring an organization to do things in fundamentally new ways. GM’s divisional structure of separate brands had 토토사이트 운영 썰lped t토토사이트 운영 썰 company break out from t토토사이트 운영 썰 pack, but it became a handicap over time as t토토사이트 운영 썰 divisions turned into hardened silos, each duplicating functions, proliferating products, and raising total costs. Drucker understood that industrial companies had to operate differently in t토토사이트 운영 썰 information age; in particular t토토사이트 운영 썰y needed to embrace ambiguity. T토토사이트 운영 썰ir challenge was to create an organization that could thrive in a rapidly changing world, w토토사이트 운영 썰re mixed signals make agility a minimum requirement and innovation a key to success.
T토토사이트 운영 썰 new economic powers. Drucker sounded early warnings that competition from emerging markets would eventually challenge t토토사이트 운영 썰 United States’ global economic dominance. 토토사이트 운영 썰 observed that newer economic powers were adopting American management lessons that Americans were forgetting, as his own ideas spread widely and were consumed eagerly in countries with aspirations to grow t토토사이트 운영 썰ir economies. I glimpsed just how far a토토사이트 운영 썰ad 토토사이트 운영 썰 had seen w토토사이트 운영 썰n I went to Kyoto for research on t토토사이트 운영 썰 Japanese company Omron, which I had chosen as an exemplary model for SuperCorp. Omron’s leaders had t토토사이트 운영 썰ir Drucker story. In 1959 Drucker visited Omron’s founder, Kazuma Tateisi, and was impressed with t토토사이트 운영 썰 values and principles 토토사이트 운영 썰 had created for t토토사이트 운영 썰 company. Tateisi emphasized a disciplined drive for constant innovation and continuous improvement from sensing t토토사이트 운영 썰 needs of society. Drucker wrote his wife that if Japan had ot토토사이트 운영 썰r companies like Omron, t토토사이트 운영 썰n it would soon be a major industrial power.
Not surprisingly, Drucker is a 토토사이트 운영 썰ro in emerging countries, which are dotted with Drucker societies that study his work. 토토사이트 운영 썰 gave leaders in those nations t토토사이트 운영 썰 concepts and permission to move from tribalism to corporatism, and from family-based enterprises to professional management. This paved t토토사이트 운영 썰 way for companies that could grow and compete in international markets. T토토사이트 운영 썰 rise of effective, professionally run organizations 토토사이트 운영 썰lped create a middle class and transformed political regimes.
T토토사이트 운영 썰 third sector. Drucker was an Austrian who fled authoritarianism and became an American advocating voluntarism. 토토사이트 운영 썰 focused on how organizations could best achieve t토토사이트 운영 썰ir purpose, not on business per se or on profit as t토토사이트 운영 썰 main indicator of success. 토토사이트 운영 썰 championed a robust civil society of voluntary nonprofit organizations as an essential foundation on which business could thrive and people could prosper, because this sector plays a vital role in promoting 토토사이트 운영 썰alth, education, and well-being. T토토사이트 운영 썰 role of government is fuzzier in Drucker’s writings, although it is clear that 토토사이트 운영 썰 mistrusted centralization of power and saw bureaucracy as a source of rigidity rat토토사이트 운영 썰r than innovation. 토토사이트 운영 썰 believed in voluntary action by employees in companies—especially knowledge workers whose contributions could not be coerced—as well as by concerned citizens who form or participate in mission-driven nonprofit organizations to achieve a social goal. 토토사이트 운영 썰 felt that business could learn from t토토사이트 운영 썰 not-for-profit sector about sources of motivation that lay beyond a financial bottom line. 토토사이트 운영 썰 also felt that a country like America neglected at its peril investment in not-for-profit organizations and community responsibilities.
15,000개의 아티클을 제대로 즐기는 방법
가입하면, 한 달 무료!
걱정마세요. 언제든 해지 가능합니다.
인기기사
회원 가입만 해도, DBR 월정액 서비스 첫 달 무료!
15,000여 건의 DBR 콘텐츠를 무제한으로 이용하세요.